by Benedetto Farina, Adriano Schimmenti

Key words: attachment trauma, diagnosis, psychopathology, psychotherapy

This article provides a critical review of the concept of attachment trauma, proposing an expanded definition that reflects its psychopathogenic dynamics and clinical outcomes. The first aim of the review is to define attachment trauma and differentiate it from related constructs. Attachment trauma is conceptualized as a condition emerging within primary attachment relationships, characterized by prolonged failures in caregiving and/or ongoing abuse. These relationships create recurrent, inescapable threats, leading to significant disruptions in the child’s physiological, socio-emotional, and cognitive development. The second aim of the review is to explore attachment trauma as a permeating psychopathological dimension that may underpin a broad spectrum of mental disorders manifesting in adulthood, including complex posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, and borderline personality disorder. Recognizing attachment trauma in adults poses clinical challenges due to its complex and pervasive nature, often presenting with a constellation of symptoms across multiple domains, such as dysregulation of arousal, disintegration of higher-order cognitive processes, emotional and impulse dyscontrol, detachment and dissociative reactions, dysfunctional self and relational representations, impairments in mentalization, maladaptive compensatory strategies, and epistemic mistrust. The third objective of the review is to integrate the recognition of attachment trauma into clinical practice, emphasizing the identification of its impacts based on clinical presentation. The review highlights key therapeutic interventions, including the establishment of a safe therapeutic relationship, regulation of emotions and arousal, modification of pathogenic beliefs, addressing detachment symptoms and dissociated self-states, promotion of mentalization and epistemic trust, and the processing of both implicit and explicit traumatic memories. These interventions aim to repair the psychological damage caused by attachment trauma, fostering integration and healthier relational patterns.